We bound the amplitude of the closed invariant curves born from the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation as a function of the model parameters.īeddington J, Free C, Lawton J (1975) Dynamic complexity in predator–prey models framed in difference equations. We provide the parameter values for which the coexistence equilibrium exists and determine when it is locally asymptotically stable and when it destabilizes by means of a supercritical Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. If the prey consumption-energy rate is above this threshold, and hence the maximal rate of change of the predator is positive, the discrete phase plane method introduced is used to show that the coexistence equilibrium exists and solutions oscillate around it. We also use a Lyapunov function to provide an alternative proof. Using this curve in combination with the nullclines and direction field, we show that the prey-only equilibrium is globally asymptotic stability if the prey consumption-energy rate of the predator is below a certain threshold that implies that the maximal rate of change of the predator is negative. We extend standard phase plane analysis by introducing the next iterate root-curve associated with the nontrivial prey nullcline. The proposed derivation method exploits a technique known from economics that describes the relationship between continuous and discrete compounding of bonds. \(N(t)\) and \(P(t)\) stand for the prey and predator density, respectively, at time t.We derive a discrete predator–prey model from first principles, assuming that the prey population grows to carrying capacity in the absence of predators and that the predator population requires prey in order to grow. ![]() Motivated by the above works, we consider the following predator-prey model : Guin in studied a prey-predator model with logistic growth in both species and using ratio-dependent functional for predators. The author assumed that the predator has logistic growth rate since it has sufficient resources for alternative foods and it is argued that alternative food sources may have an important role in promoting the persistence of predator-prey systems. Haque in proposed a prey-predator model with logistic growth in both species and a linear functional response. Several authors have studied the prey-predator model with logistics growth in both species. Our objective is to understand what is the impact of predation on the dynamics of prey and predator species, in order to avoid any extinction of the two species. It is in this line of thought that we are interested here in the study of the dynamics of prey-predator populations with an alternative food resource for predators, meaning that the predator population can survive if there is no prey. The main feature of predation is therefore a direct impact of the predator on the prey population. Without prey, there would be no predators. Without predators, some prey species would force other species to disappear due to competition. The predator-prey relationship is important to maintain the balance between different animal species. The main questions concerning population dynamics concern the effects of interaction in the regulation of natural populations, the reduction of their size, the reduction of their natural fluctuations, or the destabilization of the equilibria in oscillations of the states of the population. These different types of functional responses present a key element for understanding the dynamics of these populations. Many authors, such as Holling 1959, Getz 1984, and Arditi and Ginzburg 1989, studied the prey-predator system with various functional responses. ![]() Mathematical modeling of the population dynamics of a prey-predator system is an important objective of mathematical models in biology, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. In recent decades, mathematics has had a huge impact as a tool for modeling and understanding biological phenomena. The study of the dynamics relationship of the prey-predator system has long been and will continue to be one of the dominant subjects in both ecology and mathematical ecology due to its universal existence and importance.
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